• Basic Autonomic Regulation
• The Energy System
• Heart Rate Fluctuations
• The Heart Rate Variability (HRV)
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If you are looking for the cause, then you need to turn to the system that represents the basic regulation of the body. The basic functions of human beings, respiration, metabolism, the cardiovascular system, the digestive system, the endocrine system, the immune system etc., are controlled by the autonomic nervous system, which means that they are largely independent of will and consciousness.
The autonomic nervous system, consisting of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, adjusts the regulation of the biological system to changing internal and external parameters.

Fight and Flight Survival Strategies of the Regulatory System

Clearly, if you look at the original sense of this complex regulatory process, then its meaning for the survival strategies of the biological individual is obvious. If an animal or a man living in its native habitat (wilderness) perceives real danger (for example, a predator), this represents a vital threat, i.e, that is, the regulatory system is responsible for switching the biological system to an emergency or alarm program. The basis of the alarm reaction are the neural and hormonal mechanisms. These lead to an alarm status and prepare the body for a primeval reaction of fight or flight. Therefore, it is necessary to activate all systems that are required for it.

Reactions of the body to stress The way in which the sympathetic nervous system is activated

The subsystems, however, which are not absolutely necessary (digestion, the immune system and so forth) must have their metabolisms reduced to a minimum. Only by the efficient management and arrangement of the inner resources (energy) does the biological system have a chance to successfully undertake fight or flight, i.e. to survive. The regulatory system also corresponds to the in-situ task of a so-called functional system in order to realize the request made. Basically, it is the reaction of the activated sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), followed by the activation of the adrenal medulla with the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline. The sympathoadrenal reaction leads to an increase in blood pressure and the heart rate in order to ensure better supply of energy and oxygen to the organs which are actively involved in fight or flight. In order to cover the expected increase in energy needs, glucose is activated from the liver and the fat reserves are mobilized. The antidiuretic hormone (ADH) reduces urine production and increases the blood pressure. There are many other consequences of the fight/flight reaction, which cannot all be listed here. It should be noted that in stressful situations the autonomic nervous system sets all these bodily functions into motion. All the changing parameters such as blood pressure, heart rate or free fatty acids are normalized again if the animal or man executes the fight or flight action. These processes can have problematic effects if in response to them no physical action such as fight or flight follows, as is usually the case today.

The stress parameters are then not normalized. We find many of these parameters in modern medicine as risk factors for cardiovasular, metabolic and other chronic diseases.